The neurological researchers call it "airplane headache" and the story makes it sound like a newly discovered headache, but in actuality, it is something that has been known for a very long time.
Human sinus cavities are air-filled cavities. When outside pressure changes relative to the air pressure within the sinus cavity, air pressure literally increases or decreases within the sinus cavity which a patient may perceive as pain/pressure over the face. This barometric sinus pressure would occur ONLY if the sinuses are clogged shut. If they are open, no problems would occur.
This phenomenon is analogous to a balloon (sinus cavity) that increases in size with decreasing pressure (going up a mountain or ascending in a plane) or decreases in size with increasing pressure (going down a mountain or descending in a plane).
As such, just like the MSNBC story suggests, the principal way to prevent such barometric sinus headache is to take a medication that prevents sinuses from clogging shut. One of the most effective medication is afrin nasal decongestant nasal spray
to be used 30-60 minutes before ascent and descent.If this issue is a persistent chronic problem, surgical procedures such as balloon sinuplasty can be performed to make the sinus openings larger to decrease the chance of closure from mucosal edema.
Akin to barometric sinus pressure, the ears undergo a similar process which is why people "pop" the ears with pressure changes.
The ear equivalent of a barometric sinus headache is eustachian tube dysfunction.
Source:
Is flying giving you an 'airplane headache'? MSNBC 4/26/12
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