Actress Sofia Vergara Underwent Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

Actress Sofia Vergara, best known for her role in the TV hit comedy Modern Family, had her entire thyroid removed for thyroid cancer when she was 28 in 2000. This was followed by radioactive iodine therapy and now takes a daily thyroid hormone replacement for her hypothyroidism.

Image by Jenn Davis from Wikipedia

Thyroid cancer is typically first suspected on a routine examination if a neck mass consistent with a thyroid nodule is palpated. An ultrasound of the neck is typically performed to characterize the thyroid mass further which is than followed by a biopsy. Should the biopsy come back malignant, thyroid removal surgery is performed. Even if the biopsy comes back indeterminate, surgery may still be pursued to be on the safe side.

Other studies may be pursued including CT scan and a thyroid nuclear scan.

Although the type of thyroid cancer Sofia Vergara had was never revealed, she most likely had papillary thyroid carcinoma which is the most common form of thyroid cancer and is highly curable (which is where the comment of being a "good" cancer comes from).

Other less common thyroid cancers include follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma.

It should be mentioned that until the thyroid is removed, one can NOT be absolutely sure that thyroid cancer actually truly is present. Indeed, the president of Argentina announced that she had thyroid cancer only to find out after her thyroid was removed that no cancer was actually present. Read blog post about this "mistake".

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video below of what Sofia's thyroid surgery might have looked like.

Source:
The Workout: Sofia Vergara Hates to Exercise. NYT 5/3/13

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New Video on Thyroid Surgery and Its Complications

A new video has been created regarding how the thyroid gland is removed along with potential complications that may occur with this surgical procedure.

This video creation was a collaborative effort between myself and Dr. Henson, the general surgeon who performed the actual operation portrayed in the video. Assistance by Robin Earl and the surgical staff at Fauquier Hospital were invaluable as well.

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video!

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Why Do Biopsy Results Take So Long? [video]

One of the most common questions I get after a surgical procedure is how long it takes before biopsy results are back... especially when a mass was removed and there is a cancer concern.

Does it take a few hours? 24 hours? Days?

Disappointingly, it can take up to 7 days if not longer.

You want to know why?

Well, rather than explaining, watch a 6-minute video that explains the numerous steps that goes into providing a diagnosis after a mass is removed... in this particular case, a neck mass though the same steps apply to any mass removed from anywhere else in the body.

Special thanks to Robin Earl who spent hours hanging out in the pathology lab video-taping all the relevant video clips as well as Fauquier Health System for allowing this video to be made!

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Miss Oregon 2013 has Thyroid Cancer

Miss Oregon Gabrielle Neilan revealed that she had thyroid cancer for which she underwent a total thyroidectomy 2 weeks before winning the Miss Oregon beauty competition on 11/25/12. [link]

She first felt the thyroid mass in September 2012. This was soon followed by a thyroid ultrasound and a biopsy (presumably via an ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration). The biopsy came back cancerous (unclear exactly what type of thyroid cancer). Given the thyroid cancer diagnosis, she underwent a total thyroidectomy. Two weeks later, she went up on-stage and became Miss Oregon 2013 without the benefit of the judges knowing what she had been going through.

She has a midline neck scar from the surgery that is clearly visible once you know it's there.

Apparently, the thyroid cancer was found in some of her lymph nodes and as such, radioactive iodine treatment is being pursued. If that fails to completely eradicate her cancer, she may need additional treatment that may include radiation therapy.

The type of thyroid cancer was never specifically mentioned, but she most likely has papillary thyroid carcinoma which is the most common form of thyroid cancer and is highly curable.

Other less common thyroid cancers include follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Regardless of the type, thyroid cancer mandates thyroidectomy with post-operative radioactive iodine treatment to ensure complete eradication of all thyroid tissue that might contain cancer.

Given the absence of a thyroid gland, she now has to take thyroid replacement drugs which must be continued for the rest of her life.

It should be stated that until the thyroid is removed, one can NOT be absolutely sure that thyroid cancer actually truly is present. Indeed, the president of Argentina made a similar announcement of thyroid cancer only to find out after her thyroid was removed that no cancer was actually present. Read blog post about this "mistake".

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video!

Source:

Miss Oregon USA Gabrielle Neilan of Gresham will compete as she fights thyroid cancer. Oregon Live 12/7/12

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Brooke Burke Has Thyroid Cancer

Brooke Burke, TV personality best known for winning the 7th season of Dancing with the Stars and later co-hosting the show starting in 2010 announced in a self-published video the fact that she has thyroid cancer and will soon be undergoing thyroid surgery.

Apparently, on a routine physical exam, a neck mass consistent with a thyroid nodule was appreciated in July 2012. This was biopsied (presumably via an ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration) and came back as "atypical". Given atypical findings, a diagnosis of cancer or no cancer can not be definitively made. As such, more studies were than pursued and finally, she was informed she had a "good" type of thyroid cancer if there is such a thing.

Some of these additional studies may have included CT scan of the neck and thyroid scan.

The type of thyroid cancer was never specifically mentioned, but she most likely has papillary thyroid carcinoma which is the most common form of thyroid cancer and is highly curable (which is where the comment of being a "good" cancer comes from).

Other less common thyroid cancers include follicular thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Thyroid cancer mandates thyroidectomy with post-operative radioactive iodine treatment to ensure complete thyroid tissue eradication.

Her surgery date has not been announced.

It should be stated that until the thyroid is removed, one can NOT be absolutely sure that thyroid cancer actually truly is present. Indeed, the president of Argentina made a similar announcement of thyroid cancer only to find out after her thyroid was removed that no cancer was actually present. Read blog post about this "mistake".

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video!

Source:
Brooke Burke: I Have Cancer. NY Post 11/8/12

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What do Earthquakes Have to do with Thyroid Masses?

I'm not sure what is going on within the Italian Court system, but in October 2012, the Italian Court convicted 7 scientists to jail terms for not accurately predicting the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake that ended up killing over 300 people.

Also in October 2012, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that cell phones caused one man's brain tumor.

Since when does the Court decide on matters of scientific validity?

And even more importantly, what does this have to do with ENT???

I'm sure people here and there will shake their heads and say how ridiculous. "Unbelievable" that the Italians Courts have made such a stupid decision.

I hate to break it to you all... but it happens ALL THE TIME, especially in the field of medicine. The Court and Lawyers have profoundly influenced how medicine (and now seismology) is practiced whether scientifically valid or not. No matter how ridiculous it may be seen in hindsight or not.

Let's go back to those poor convicted earthquake scientists...

At least in Italy, it's likely that these Court decisions will having a chilling influence over how scientists will behave in the future whether scientifically valid or not. For every single minor tremor, scientists will now have to weigh potential for jail-term if they are inaccurate with their predictions (even though everybody knows predicting major earthquakes accurately is impossible).

I can imagine them to report in the future every single minor tremor as a potential threat of a major earthquake and as such, citizens of Italy are warned to take precautions and evacuate the area for 1 month.

I wonder how Californians will react to such predictions.

In medicine, especially in the field of radiology and pathology, diagnostic dilemmas equivalent to what Italian seismologists go through are common. For fear of the Court and Lawyers, radiologists and pathologists commonly overcall grey areas leading to further testing and even surgery for ultimately reasons that were totally unnecessary.

For example, thyroid masses are one particularly thorny area for both radiologists and pathologists.

In radiology, they will report every single nodule and cyst no matter how small for fear of Court and Lawyers. In the huge majority of the time, such thyroid masses are benign and no intervention is needed. However, should one of those nodules/cysts actually end up being thyroid cancer, the radiologist may end up being sued if he did NOT report them. As such, they are all reported and the burden of lawsuit than falls upon the doctor who ordered the CT scan or ultrasound in the first place.

What does this mean for the patient? For fear of Court and Lawyers, patients will end up getting more tests done and even undergo surgical removal "just to make sure" that it is not cancerous.

Which leads to the next diagnostic dilemma...

In pathology, fine needle biopsies of such thyroid masses is common. However, making a pathological diagnosis is sometimes quite difficult, especially if cancer is on everybody's mind. So what is the pathologist to do if he is uncertain whether cancer is present or not? For fear of Court and Lawyers, he makes an ambiguous statement:

There are some atypic cells suggestive but not definitive of cancer. Clinical correlation recommended.

Now the legal burden is on the surgeon. The surgeon, for fear of Court and Lawyers, will now suggest to the patient that to be absolutely sure there is no cancer present, it is perhaps best to remove the thyroid gland.

Low and behold, many patients who undergo thyroid removal for such ambiguous findings on radiology and pathology reports end up with no cancer found in the thyroid gland. All that testing and surgery was, in the end, totally unnecessary.

The judgements of four physicians have been consecutively affected and compounded with each other for fear of Court and Lawyers:

• Primary Care Doctor who ordered the CT scan or Ultrasound of the thyroid gland
• Radiologist who reported the thyroid nodules/cysts
• Pathologist who interpreted the needle biopsies of those nodules/cysts
• Surgeon who ends up removing the thyroid gland based on the pathology and radiology results

Does this actually happen???

Absolutely. All the time.

In fact, it happened to the President of Argentina who had her entire thyroid gland removed for fear of cancer, but ended up that no cancer was found. Read more.

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video!

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Argentine President Had Surgery for Wrongly Diagnosed Thyroid Cancer

On Jan 4, 2012, Argentine President Cristina Kirchner underwent a total thyroid gland removal for papillary thyroid cancer.

On Jan 7, 2012, it was announced that she never had thyroid cancer in the first place! See news report.

Why did this happen? And it does happen unfortunately to not only President of a nation, but to ordinary citizens.

Without benefit of having access to her medical records, I suspect her medical course went something like this which is what happens in the vast majority of patients with a thyroid mass...

She probably had a full medical evaluation including an ultrasound of her thyroid gland which revealed a nodule or mass.

She underwent an ultrasound guided needle biopsy in order to obtain some cells for pathology review. I suspect that the pathologist reported suspicion for papillary thyroid carcinoma. She may even have undergone a thyroid scan which revealed a cold nodule (increasing the likelihood but does not confirm cancer).

Based on a diagnosis obtained on a needle biopsy, standard of care treatment is complete thyroid removal followed by radioactive iodine treatment.

I suspect the surgeon who did the surgery did discuss with the patient the option of removing only half the thyroid gland (side with the mass) and waiting on final pathology to confirm presence of cancer before removing the rest of the thyroid gland. However, this would mean TWO separate operations on different days as it does require time for final pathology results to become available.

Given I'm sure President Kirchner is a VERY busy person, she probably elected to have the whole thyroid gland removed rather than undergoing the possibility of two operations. The risk being she may ultimately have a total thyroidectomy done when no cancer was actually present at all!

SO... was there a mistake made (if any)?

Was it the pathologist who reported cancer in the needle biopsy?

Was it the surgeon who did not confirm cancer by removing only half the thyroid first?

Let's look into the mind of the pathologist...

From the pathologist perspective, it is better to be safe and over-call things... because it is FAR worse to miss a cancer diagnosis. Imagine if the pathologist stated NO thyroid cancer was seen on the needle biopsy... only to be wrong and the Argentine president dying of thyroid cancer at some point in the future due to this misdiagnosis. The medical-legal liability and fear of being sued forces not only pathologists but also radiologists to report slight abnormal findings just to be on the safe side. Such reports will often state:

 "Cells [or CT scan] have some features suggestive of cancer. Clinical correlation recommended."

This vague statement can be interpreted in two ways... The pathologist is NOT saying there is cancer present. He is stating it might be present, but he's not sure. Which means the burden of liability now passes to the surgeon...

From the surgeon's perspective, he now has to deal with whether to operate or not based on an equivocal diagnosis on needle biopsy. What if he does NOT operate and cancer WAS present? There was than a delay in cancer treatment and theoretical decrease in survival.

OR... take the safe route and operate, but acknowledge that there is the possibility that no cancer was present and that surgery was actually not truly needed in the end. Complicating this course of action is that surgery has risks (and what a bummer if "unnecessary" surgery was performed and complications happened).

The compromise solution would have been to remove just the side where the thyroid nodule was present, but than a 2nd operation would have been needed if cancer WAS found.

So, was there "malpractice" committed by any physician in the care of President Kirchner?

Probably not because the decision making by various physicians in her care probably tended towards being safe rather than sorry (for not only the patient, but also the physicians).

There are many variations on this theme... Other courses of action that could have occurred or been taken include:

1) Monitoring with repeat ultrasounds and needle biopsies
2) Getting multiple 2nd opinions
3) Repeating radiological scans
etc
etc

Danger is what if some say do it and some say don't do it. Some scans or needle biopsies suggestive for cancer and others that aren't?

As the old saying goes, too many cooks ruin the soup. OR, you see five doctors, you may get 5 different opinions.

At some point, YOU as the patient needs to decide what to do and live with the consequences of your decision.

Why does this even occur???

Because NO test is 100% accurate.

Read more about the surgery here or watch the video!

Source:
Argentine President Cristina Kirchner wrongly diagnosed with cancer. The Telegraph Jan 7, 2012.

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Argentine President Undergoes Thyroid Surgery

BBC News reported today that popular Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma, a highly curable form of thyroid cancer.

Thankfully, there were no complications and she is expected to be discharged from the hospital in the next 2 days.

Thyroidectomy is when the entire thyroid gland is removed which is necessary whenever thyroid cancer is present.

What are some of the complications that could have occurred?

• Vocal cord paralysis, either one or both vocal cords
• Hoarseness
• Calcium level problems which can lead to heart arrhythmias
• Bleeding which can compress the airway necessitating a tracheostomy

Read more about thyroid surgery here. Watch video of a thyroid being removed.

Source:
Argentine President Fernandez undergoes cancer surgery. BBC News Jan 4, 2012.

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New Webpage on Thyroid Mass (Evaluation and Management)

A new webpage has been uploaded to our practice website describing the evaluation and management of a thyroid mass. Surgical removal is discussed along with risks involved.

Click here to read more!

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