What Makes a Voice Sound Attractive?

Ever hear a voice that sounded sexy or attractive? Ever build a mental image of what a stranger on the phone may look like purely based on the sound of the voice???

Well, according to researchers, an attractive voice reflects an attractive perceived body size.

A group of human subjects listened to the same sentence that was manipulated by altering pitch, acoustic resonance, and voice quality based on body size projections reported for animal calls and emotional human vocal expressions.

For example, a rough, low-frequency animal call suggests the vocalizer is large and aggressive whereas a more clear, higher frequency animal call suggests a small, non-threatening animal.

Not surprisingly, male listeners preferred a female voice that suggested a small body size (relatively high pitch, wide acoustic resonance range, and breathy voice). Think Marilyn Monroe...

Female listeners preferred a male voice that suggested a large body size (low pitch and narrow acoustic resonance range) akin to actor James Earl Jones. However, female listeners interestingly also preferred some breathiness in the male voice which may signal a perceived decrease in the aggressiveness associated with a large body size.

Another reason why patients undergo voice therapy, even if there's nothing medically wrong...

It is not unusual for a male lawyer to undergo voice therapy to try and achieve a lower and more aggressive vocal quality as it does correlate with success. (Read more about this link between voice pitch and success).

Similarly, women in positions of authority in the political and corporate world do the same. Margaret Thatcher underwent voice therapy for this very reason [link].

However, women with a low raspy voice often pursue treatment to try and achieve a more feminine voice (high-pitched and breathy).

Indeed, when voice therapy fails, there are even surgical procedures to try and alter a person's voice.

Source:
Voices Considered Attractive Send Body Cues. Scientific American. 4/30/13

Reference:
Human Vocal Attractiveness as Signaled by Body Size Projection. PLoS ONE 8(4): e62397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062397

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Men with Deeper Voices are More Successful

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A Duke University study has found that men with deeper voices not only are more successful, but also make significantly more money. How much more money? $187,000 per year more than men with higher-pitched voices.

How much deeper does the voice need to be to make a difference? Apparently 22.1 hertz which is approximately 1/6 the difference between the pitch of James Earl Jones (low-pitch) and Mike Tyson (high-pitch).

Other research (see below) have found that a deeper voice also makes a candidate more likely to win, are more desirable to women, mate more frequently, and father more children.

How can a man with a relatively higher-pitched voice achieve a natural-sounding deeper voice? The first and perhaps best way to accomplish this is through voice therapy. Think of it like singing where a person learns to achieve a greater vocal range through intensive instruction... but in this case, focusing on the lower range.

Of course, there are surgical interventions that may also be helpful should voice therapy be unsuccessful including:

1) Vocal cord bulking through injection
2) Cricothyroid muscle dennervation through botox or lysis
3) Thyroid cartilage framework surgery (Isshiki Thyroplasty Type 3)

I should point out that surgical intervention is NOT recommended as a first step and usually does not achieve the profound improvement that most men desire... in other words, there is no simple, quick, and easy way to deepen the voice.

References:
Voice pitch and the labor market success of male chief executive officers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.03.001, How to Cite or Link Using DOI

"Sounds like a winner: Voice pitch influences perception of leadership capacity," Proc Biol Sci. 2012 Jul 7;279(1738):2698-704. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0311. Epub 2012 Mar 14.

Preferences for very low and very high voice pitch in humans. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32719. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032719. Epub 2012 Mar 5.

Sources: 
Voters 'like low-pitched voices'. BBC 11/14/11

Your Voice Could Be Costing You Hundreds Of Thousands Of Dollars, Study Shows. Forbes 4/18/13

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Mozart May Help with Tinnitus

Currently, there is no fast, good, and cheap way of resolving tinnitus. Tinnitus is in essence hearing a ringing or buzzing that does not exist in reality. At best, it may be something you hear, but does not bother.

At worst, it can literally drive a person crazy.

Neuromonics is perhaps one of the very few treatment protocols that has been proven to work resolving/improving tinnitus in 80-90% of patients over a period of months.

However, it is expensive... typically around $6000 out-of-pocket.

In a study out of Italy, a group of patients between 22 and 78 years of age who suffered from tinnitus were told to listen to Mozart's Sonata k448for 1 hour daily for 1 month. This was followed by instruction to listen to Beethoven's Fur Elisesonata for 1 hour daily for another month.

For all the parameters investigated, there was a general significant improvement between the pre- and post-listening evaluation. Significant improvement in several parameters were seen even after a single exposure to Mozart's sonata.

So apparently listening to Mozart may not help only baby's to become smarter (debatable), but it can help adults as well.

It's also cheap... about as much as it takes to download the songs from a music store.

Some other thoughts that may require additional research...

• What if a patient hates classical music?
• Does "how" a patient listens to the music affect results? (Playing the music in background while doing some other activity versus doing nothing other than listening to the music.)
• How long does the improvement last after treatment?
• What about other songs by Mozart?

But... all in all... given it is cheap... it certainly can't hurt to give it a try.

Reference:
The Mozart effect in patients suffering from tinnitus. Acta Oto-laryngologica. Posted online on October 1, 2012. (doi:10.3109/00016489.2012.684398)

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Noise Hyper-Sensitivity in Kids

Although we mainly see kids for hearing loss due to fluid in the ears, chronic ear infections, or eustachian tube dysfunction, every so often, a child will show up with the exact opposite problem.

The child hears just fine, but suffers from noise hypersensitivity, also known as auditory hypersensitivity. Such children are overwhelmed from everyday noises whether doorbells, sirens, key clanking, etc; typically high-pitched sounds. The hands will go over the ears in an attempt to dampen the sound and may even become tearful.

This phenomenon is not uncommon in kids with developmental delays, autism, central auditory processing disorders (CAPD), Down's syndrome, etc. But "normal" kids may suffer from this condition as well.

Before going into treatment, one first needs to understand how sound is perceived first.

Human hearing is a complex listening device composed of not just the ability to "hear" the sound, but also to "comprehend" the sound. Disorders like CAPD is analogous to dyslexia where the patient can "hear" sounds perfectly normally, but has trouble understanding what they hear.

As a child develops, the auditory neural pathways in the brain that govern the comprehension of sounds are either reinforced or dampened down with time. For example, auditory neural pathways that allow for speech comprehension are reinforced whereas neural pathways perceiving background noises and other random sounds are dampened with time.

In auditory hypersensitivity, for whatever reason, the auditory neural pathways governing the perception of certain miscellaneous noise like sirens or doorbell are reinforced causing the perception of the sound to be more significant and tremendous than it should be. In a normal child without sensitivity, such pathways are suppressed.

To use an analogy, consider the auditory neural pathway like the road system in the United States. Over time, certain roads like the interstate highway is "reinforced" leading to more drivers using such streets to get from point A to point B far more quickly than if they used local roads. Problems occur if for some reason, cars avoid the highways and local roads are taken preferentially leading to traffic jams and irate drivers.

Auditory hypersensitivity is kind of like that... local roads being "reinforced" when it should be suppressed.

So what can be done to treat this frustrating condition?

In essence, therapy is geared towards reinforcing good auditory neural pathways and suppressing the bad ones that lead to noise hypersensitivity.

Such therapy programs include listening to special music and ear training exercises. One such program is "The Listening Program".

But one thing is clear... keeping someone with noise sensitivity in silence is the worst thing that can be done. It just reinforces the bad pathways!

Of course, there are other causes of noise sensitivity:

1) Migraines (children may not exhibit the classic head pain, but they still can suffer from noise sensitivity)
2) Cochlear hydrops (if associated with hearing loss, tinnitus, sound distortion)

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Why Does My Voice Sound Different on Recording and Treatment Options

Every so often, I have a patient who presents to my office with a complaint that their voice sounds different on recording than what they themselves hear.

In particular, singers who come in state specifically that their vocal recordings sounds slightly flat when they thought they were singing in perfect pitch.

So why does this happen? Unfortunately, it is physics and fundamentally integrated to how the ear, skull, and sound transmission work. In other words, it can't be "treated" with surgery or medications.

What other people hear when you sing or talk is air conducted sound that gets transmitted through the ear canal, eardrum, middle ear bones, and ultimately to the cochlea hearing organ (pathway A).

Image by Chittka and Brockmann Modified from Wikipedia

The sound the individual singer/talker hears is not only sound transmitted via the air (pathway A) but also by vibration of the skull itself directly to the cochlea hearing organ bypassing the outer and middle ear completely (pathway B). The mechanical properties of the skull enhance the deeper, lower-frequency vibrations.

Therefore, when a talker/singer listens to a recording of their voice speaking/singing, the bone-conducted pathway that they consider part of their “normal” voice is eliminated, and they hear only the air-conducted component in unfamiliar isolation (what everybody else actually hears).

SO... what is a singer/talker to do if they are disturbed by the way they sound to others? Particularly, what is a singer to do when they always sing a little flat when they truly think they are singing in pitch?

One can wear earplugs in order to hear only bone-conducted vibrations and get used to their alter-voice and undergo speech/voice therapy. OR... accept that their voice IS different.

For singers, I highly recommend using HearFones Headsetwhich is a funny looking head device that allows an individual singer to hear what they really sound like and more importantly what the audience would hear! In addition, while using HearFones, the singer would be able to hear himself more predominantly over the rest of the ensemble thus helping him to improve the quality of his/her individual vocal quality output.

Over time, singers will be able to automatically adjust their singing such that they no longer will need such a device to sing in tune with others when in familiar surroundings. BUT... in new environments (new concert hall, outdoor arena, etc), it is not unusual that their singing may become off again...

This is why professional singers often wear earpieces that convey sounds recorded by microphones placed in the audience... and also why they sometimes sound flat and out-of-tune when they don't!

It's also why it is VERY important to rehearse in a new place before a concert.

On a related note, most individuals state that they do not "like" they way they sound on a recording. However, according to one study, people unconsciously prefer their recorded voice over others.

Of note Dr. Chang was mentioned on NBC news regarding this question in this story.

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